Down and Out in Paris and London Summary & Study Guide. Down and Out in Paris and London Summary & Study Guide includes comprehensive information and analysis to. This study guide contains the following sections. This detailed literature summary also contains Topics for Discussion and a Free Quiz on. Down and Out in Paris and London by George Orwell. After working himself ragged and never getting ahead, he tries his luck in London where he lives the life of a vagrant, sleeping in lodging houses and taking charity tea at the Salvation Army. Through these scenes, Orwell explores one of the classic themes in most of his writing, that of man vs. He makes drastic changes in his budget and finds that living in poverty is a complicated ordeal. The narrator's Russian friend, Boris, is in a similar situation, having injured himself and lost his job. Down and Out in Paris and London By George Orwell. Henri came out of jail he should buy a taxi and they would. Down and Out in Paris and London. Down and Out in Paris and London is the first full-length work by the English author. Down and Out in Paris and London at george-orwell.org. GEORGE ORWELL DOWN AND OUT IN PARIS AND LONDON. O scathful harm, condition of poverte! The two friends help each other out, pawning their remaining clothing together and sharing meager meals at one another's apartments. Eventually, the friends find a job at the Hotel X, working as plongeurs in the cellar kitchen.
Working in the hotel opens the narrator's eyes to the squalid conditions behind the scenes at upscale Parisian establishments. The kitchens are full of filth, mediocre ingredients, and poor working conditions, but just on the other side of the wall, the dining rooms are lush, clean, and luxurious. Boris knows a Russian friend who is opening up a small restaurant called the Auberge de Jehan Cottard and has promised Boris and the narrator jobs. The restaurant is slow to open because the patron has difficulty scraping up enough money for up- front costs, but eventually it opens, and Boris and the narrator begin working there. Working conditions at the Hotel X were wonderful compared with those at the Auberge. Although the pay is the same, working hours are much longer, usually about seventeen hours a day, seven days a week. There is no hot water in the kitchen and nowhere but the floor on which to place the food. After several weeks of this misery, the narrator writes a friend in his native London, asking for help in finding a job there, and the friend replies almost immediately with a prospective job. The narrator travels to London, but when he arrives he finds that his new employer is out of the country and will not return for at least a month. He doesn't have much money saved from his job at the Auberge de Jehan Cottard, so he immediately pawns some clothes and takes up a life as a vagrant, or tramp, as they're called in the novel. The narrator learns all about the life of a British tramp. He lives in spikes, lodging houses, even under a bridge when it's necessary. He meets an Irishman named Paddy, and the two become friends, traveling together from spike to spike. The narrator spends some nights at the Salvation Army shelters, which he despises, and he thinks of ways that the legal system in England could change in order to help tramps to lead more productive and satisfactory lives. In the end, the narrator does get a job when the employer returns to England, but he has changed his perspective about many things. He no longer judges vagrants or thinks that they're not . He gains a great respect for people who can see through their trials and be happy anyway. And he doesn't expect beggars to be grateful when he gives them a penny.
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If you are the Table Topics master for the Christmas special toastmasters meeting, you can get benefited by the. This year's program includes presentations by the authors of a number of excellent academic research papers. Introduction speech tips and topics to present the main speaker and to evoke desire enthusiasm and excitement at a conference meeting. Giving an Introduction Speech When we think about making academic presentations. His major area of interest is medicinal properties of plants. PAULINO This induction program of our Parents and Teachers Association is one wonderful occasion where we in the school. Sample Speech in Introducing a Guest Speaker. How to prepare your festive message. Christmas Speeches- Short, Simple and Sincere. Christmas speeches are often expected as part of workplace celebrations or they may be included in a family get together on Christmas day. You could turn the speech you give into a gift by keeping it short, simple and sincere. Here's how .. Prepare your speech using a template. Speech introduction in a Christmas party? Would you like to merge this question into. Samples of Christmas party closing remarks for a speech: 'Merry Christmas to all, and to all a good night.'.Use the Christmas Speeches template below to focus your thoughts, and then to create your speech outline. They're there, if you want them, to slot in where ever you wish to support your chosen theme. Preparing your speech is a 7 step- by- step process and your effort will be appreciated.* You can check a completed Christmas speech outline prepared using this template to see how it works before you begin. It might help make the process easier to understand. Christmas speech template. Who is your speech for? Is it family, friends, work colleagues, club members ..? What do they want or expect to hear? Is it stories about the events of the year shared by everybody, the company triumphs or challenges..? Does the occasion suit light- hearted humor or is solemn more appropriate? Knowing exactly who the audience is will help you choose the tone and content of the speech. What is the purpose of your speech? Are you aiming to inspire people? Do you wish to unite them? Perhaps you want to thank them? Maybe you want them to laugh and relax. Perhaps it is a combination. Knowing the main purpose behind your speech will guide your choice of theme, tone and content. Where is the speech being delivered? The venue or setting can change how you deliver it. If it's an intimate family setting around the dinner table you won't need either a lectern on a raised stage or a microphone but in a hall in order to be seen and heard they might be absolutely necessary. What theme is right for the audience? A theme is a thread to hang your speech on. To keep your speech simple choose one. Suitable themes for Christmas speeches. Gratitude - be specific what for - health, family, workmates, friendship, kindness, favorable events, challenges, food, your country.. Giving - the joy of giving, giving time, giving thought, giving a helping hand, giving gifts, giving donations .. Hope - new beginnings, plans for the future, resolutions, nurturing creativity or ideas, sowing seeds .. Remembrance - recollections of people or events from the past and their significance in the present, highlights of the previous year's events .. Family - events, births, deaths, triumphs, challenges, importance of, love, belonging, continuity, history, values, hopes. Unity - cooperation, community, achievements through working together, embracing and celebrating differences, humanity .. Organize or outline the BODY of your speech. It's easier to begin with the body or middle of your speech because this is where you express your main points or ideas of your chosen theme. You will add the conclusion and beginning later. Choose 3 main points fitting your audience, purpose and theme. For each point you make give one or two examples to illustrate it. When you give your speech you'll link the points with transitions or bridges to get smoothly from one idea to the next.(If you need more explanation of transitions you'll find it here on this page: how to write a speech.)The pattern or template you're using looks like this: Point One: Main idea - Example, example. Transition or link to .. Point Two: Idea - Example, example. Transition or link to .. Point Three: Idea - Example, example. Transition or link to conclusion of your Christmas speech. Organize or outline the Conclusion. Conclusions of Christmas speeches should leave your audience full of hope - looking forward to coming events, united, and with a sense of gratitude. To end well, reinforce your theme, summarize your main points and finish with strong statement or maybe a quotation from those below that will resonate on in the minds of your audience. Organize or outline the Introduction. The beginning of your speech: Acknowledges and welcomes guests to the occasion. If you have guests of honor, name them. Get their feedback on content, tone and length (2- 3 minutes is good!) Make any changes necessary. Save the glass of Christmas cheer to have after your speech rather than before it. Look over this sample Christmas Speech outline. And you'll see just how easy it will be to adapt the template for your own use! Quotations for Christmas Speeches. Christmas, children, is not a date. It is a state of mind. Mary Ellen Chase. If there is no joyous way to give a festive gift, give love away. Unknown. Heap on the wood! The wind is chill; But let it whistle as it will, We'll keep our Christmas merry still. Sir Walter Scott I am not alone at all, I thought. I was never alone at all. And that, of course, is the message of Christmas. Not when the night is darkest, the wind coldest, the word seemingly most indifferent. For this is still the time God chooses. Taylor Caldwell. Gifts of time and love are surely the basic ingredients of a truly merry Christmas. Peg Bracken. Christmas Day is a day of joy and charity. May God make you very rich in both. Phillips Brooks. Christmas gift suggestions: To your enemy, forgiveness. To an opponent, tolerance. To a friend, your heart. To a customer, service. To all, charity. To every child, a good example. To yourself, respect. Oren Arnold. The way you spend Christmas is far more important than how much. Henry David Thoreau. The means to gain happiness is to throw out from oneself,like a spider,in all directions an adhesive web of love, and to catch in it all that comes. Leo Tolstoy. It is Christmas every time you let God love others through you.. Christmas every time you smile at your brother and offer him your hand. Mother Teresa. He who has no Christmas in his heart will never find Christmas under a tree. Unknown. Unless we make Christmas an occasion to share our blessings, all the snow in Alaska won't make it 'white'. Bing Crosby. The best of all gifts around any Christmas tree: the presence of a happy family all wrapped up in each other. Burton Hillis. Christmas happenseverywhereevery timesomeone reaches out to touch another life with love. Carol Duerksen Slightly Jaundiced Christmas Quotations*Use with care! Christmas is forced upon a reluctant and disgusted nation by the shopkeepers and the press; on its own merits it would wither and shrivel in the fiery breath of universal hatred. George Bernard Shaw. From a commercial point of view, if Christmas did not exist it would be necessary to invent it. Katharine Whitehorn. I stopped believing in Santa Claus when my mother took me to see him in a department store, and he asked for my autograph. Shirley Temple. Christmas at my house is always at least six or seven times more pleasant than anywhere else. We start drinking early. And while everyone else is seeing only one Santa Claus, we'll be seeing six or seven. W. Fields. Christmas is a time when everybody wants his past forgotten and his present remembered. What I don't like about office Christmas parties is looking for a job the next day. Phyllis Diller. I once bought my kids a set of batteries for Christmas with a note on it saying, toys. Bernard Manning. Go well writing and delivering your Christmas Speeches! May they inspire and give joy. How to deliver a powerful closing to a speech on any topic . The close is your final opportunity to accomplish your goal, whether it’s to inspire the audience, drive an action, inform a community, break the status quo, or change an opinion. Here are seven great ways to close a speech, each with an example.(Note that you may want to also include a call- to- action in your close, which I’ve written about here.). Close No. 1: Deliver a summary. You may have heard the old public speaking adage that advises speakers to use a three- step approach: “Tell them what you’re going to tell them, tell them, and then tell them what you’ve told them.”You don’t need to follow that rigid rule for every presentation. But you’ll probably use something similar to it the majority of the time, particularly in the “summary” close. For example, let’s say you’re an advocate for children’s safety that is trying to increase the percentage of parents who use child safety seats for their kids. You might end your talk by saying something such as. In conclusion, we’ve made significant strides in protecting children. Our education campaign significantly helped increase the number of parents who use child safety seats for their children. And our work with the state legislature resulted in laws that now allow police to ticket and fine parents who don’t. Rather, it’s making sure that they do so correctly. One recent study found that as many as 9. This new campaign would encourage parents to use a state- approved installer instead of trying to install the seat themselves. I believe this is the logical next step in our efforts to protect kids in our state, and that this strategy shift will yield tremendous results.”. Close No. 2: Bookend your beginning. Just as matching bookends are often used at beginning and end of a row of books, matching speech bookends use the same opening and closing device at the beginning and end of a presentation. For instance, let’s say that this is how you opened a speech to a group of part- time volunteers who are working to reduce the number of injuries suffered in house fires. I’m only going to speak to you for one hour this morning. During our hour together, someone, somewhere in America, is going to be badly injured in a house fire. By the time you begin lunch this afternoon, someone, somewhere in America, will die in a house fire. By dinner, another person will die. By the time you go to sleep, another person will die. As you sleep tonight, two more people will die.”“I’m here today because I want to prevent that from happening. And I’m going to need your help.”. You could “bookend” your talk by ending with the following close. We’ve been together nearly an hour. That means that someone, somewhere in America, was just badly injured in a house fire. And we’re an hour closer to lunch, which means someone is about to perish in a house fire. Because of your passion, you’re going to prevent someone from getting hurt. You’re going to spare a family from having to mourn a husband, a wife, a sister, a brother, or a child. And next year, when we meet again, I hope that because of your work, I’m unable to open my speech with the same tragic statistics that I used at the beginning of today’s session.”. Close No. 3: Use a callback. A “callback” is a term most commonly used in stand- up comedy. Writer and comic Patrick Bromley defines a callback as “a reference a comedian makes to an earlier joke in a set.”. He continues: “Callbacks are usually made in a different context and remind the audience of an earlier joke, creating multiple layers and building more than one laugh from a single joke.”. Callbacks work similarly in a speech, but usually without the jokes. That may sound similar to a bookend (it is), but the main difference is that a callback can refer to anything in the body of your speech, not just the opening. For example, within the first hour of our public speaking workshops, I make the point that introducing too much information overloads an audience, particularly since memory studies show that people forget much of what they’ve learned shortly after learning it. One study, in which people were shown 2. I occasionally end the workshops hours later with a callback, saying. Earlier today, you learned that immediately after seeing twenty photographs, people remembered an average of only five. Therefore, I know that you’re probably going to forget many of the different tips and techniques you learned today. So even if you forget everything else from today’s session, I’d like to conclude by reminding you of the three most important things you should remember before every presentation you ever give. Make it personal. Many speakers discuss their personal connection to the speech topic throughout their talks. But if you haven’t touched on your personal ties to the topic throughout your presentation, doing so at the close often helps forge a deeper audience connection. Imagine you’re a political candidate speaking to a group of senior citizens about the government’s prescription drug benefit. You may have spoken about the importance of the program, inadequacies with the current drug benefit, and the improvements you’d like to make. But you can end your talk with a more personal touch. My mother just turned 8. She was diagnosed recently with congestive heart failure, and her doctors prescribed three new medications for her. As you can imagine, those drugs are pretty important. Well, imagine my shock when I sat down at the computer at 1. Folks, let me assure you that I know how to use a computer. And it took me 1. There’s no way my mother could have chosen the right plan on her own. She was almost in tears by the end of the day. And she’s just one of millions of seniors just like you who are spending hours, days, or even weeks in sheer frustration because of the government’s inability to make this easy for you. I know how important medications are to you, and I will fight to make finding the right drug plan easier for you.” Close No. Ask a rhetorical question. You can ask a rhetorical question at any point throughout your speech, but asking one at the end is particularly powerful, since members of the audience will leave your talk with your question still lingering in their minds. One of the most famous rhetorical questions in political history came during a 1. Ronald Reagan, and the incumbent, President Jimmy Carter. Reagan scored a knockout blow by finishing the debate with a series of rhetorical questions, the first of which became his most famous. Next Tuesday is Election Day. Next Tuesday all of you will go to the polls, will stand there in the polling place and make a decision. I think when you make that decision, it might be well if you would ask yourself, are you better off than you were four years ago? Is it easier for you to go and buy things in the stores than it was four years ago? Is there more or less unemployment in the country than there was four years ago? Is America as respected throughout the world as it was? Do you feel that our security is as safe, that we’re as strong as we were four years ago? If you don’t agree, if you don’t think that this course that we’ve been on for the last four years is what you would like to see us follow for the next four, then I could suggest another choice that you have.”. For two more ways to close a speech, visit the Mr. Media Training, where a version of this story first appeared. He tweets @Mr. Media. |
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November 2017
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